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因为在宣示国王正统地位、宣扬国王的功绩、维护希腊—马其顿人团结方面具有不可替代的作用，希腊神崇拜受到希腊—巴克特里亚王国统治者的推崇。这为王国境内希腊神形象的盛行提供了基础。希腊神形象广泛出现在钱币、建筑、艺术品之上，为我们了解巴克特里亚地区的多元文化交融提供了重要视角。本文基于古代文献和考古资料，结合近现代学者研究成果，分析希腊神形象所反映的多元文化交融。这一研究对于理解希腊—巴克特里亚王国的，乃至丝绸之路上的多元文化交融，具有重要意义。
Abstract：The worship of Greek deities was promoted by the rulers of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom due to its irreplaceable role in asserting the legitimacy of the king, extolling the ruler's achievements, and maintaining unity among Greeks and Macedonians. This provided the foundation for the prevalence of Greek deity imagery within the kingdom. Depictions of Greek deities appeared extensively on coins, architecture and artworks, offering an important perspective for understanding multicultural integration in the Bactrian region. Based on ancient texts and archaeological materials, combined with modern and contemporary scholarly research, this paper analyzes the multicultural integration reflected in Greek deity imagery. This study is of great significance for understanding multicultural integration within the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and, more broadly, along the Silk Road.
(1)See Strabo，“Geography，”15.1.3,in Strabo,The Geography of StraboⅦ，trans.Horace Leonard Jones,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1988,p.5;Justin,Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius,41.6.4,trans.J.C.Yardley,Atlanta,G.A.:Scholar’s Press,1994,p.257.
(2)Plutarch，“On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander，”328,in Plutarch,Plutarch’s MoraliaⅣ，trans.Frank Cole Bab‐bitt,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1936,p.395.
(3)See Lucian,The Syrian Goddess,trans.Herbert A.Strong,London:Constable and Company Ltd.,1913,pp.22-37.
(4)See Lucian,The Syrian Goddess,pp.17-20.
(1)See Rachel Mairs,The Hellenistic Far East:Archaeology,Language and Identity in Greek Central Asia,Berkeley:Uni‐versity of California Press,2014,Introduction,p.9.
(2)See Rachel Mairs,The Hellenistic Far East:Archaeology,Language and Identity in Greek Central Asia,p.62.
(3)See Rachel Mairs,The Hellenistic Far East:Archaeology,Language and Identity in Greek Central Asia,Introduction,p.15.
(4)See W.W.Tarn,The Greeks in Bactria and India,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1951,p.xiii.
(5)See A.K.Narain,The Indo-Creeks,Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1957,Introduction,pp.7-12.
(6)See Laurianne Martinez‑Sève，“The Spatial Organization of Ai Khanoum,a Greek City in Afghanistan，”American Jour‐nal of Archaeology,vol.118,no.2 (April 2014),pp.267-283;Laurianne Martinez‑Sève，“Ai Khanoum and Greek Domina‐tion in Central Asia，”in Edward Dabrowa,ed.,Central Asia and Iran:Greeks,Parthians,Kushans and Sasanians,Kraków:Jagiellonian University Press,2015,pp.17-46.
(7)相关代表著作，See Rachel Mairs,The Hellenistic Far East:Archaeology,Language and Identity in Greek Central Asia;Rachel Mairs,The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World,London and New York:Routledge,2021;Simon Glenn,Money and Power in Hellenistic Bactria,New York:American Numismatic Society,2020.
(8)See Lauren Morris，“Economic Development under the Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia to the Kushan Empire:Empire,Migration and Monasteries，”in Sitta von Reden,Handbook of Ancient Afro‑Eurasian Economies,vol.2,Berlin:De Gruyter,2022,pp.695-744.
(9)See Michele Minardi，“The Oxus Route toward the South:Persian Legacy and Hellenistic Innovations in Central Asia，”Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia,vol.24 (2018),pp.87-154;Claire Heseltine，“Votive Practices at the Temple of the Oxus，”September 17,2021,https：//thevotivesproject.org/2021/09/17/temple-of-the-oxus/，June 18,2025.
(10)相关代表著作，参见杨巨平：《阿伊·哈努姆遗址与“希腊化”时期东西方诸文明的互动》，《西域研究》，2007年第1期，第96-105+126页；齐小艳：《从马其顿到马拉坎达：粟特地区的希腊化研究》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2022年；李京泽：《选择与失落--巴克特里亚-印度河流域希腊化艺术中的文化意识与文化互动》，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2022年；杨巨平：《从地中海到黄河--希腊化文明与丝绸之路》，北京：中华书局，2024年。
(1)在Oriental Coins Database检索“Bactrian Greeks”，根据检索出现的钱币进行统计得出的结果。https：//www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=1048,July 15,2025.
(2)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,August 10,2024,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3204/zeno_338988.jpg,July 15,2025.
(3)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,June 12,2024,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3206/zeno_335529.jpg,July 15,2025.
(4)See Plutarch，“Lives,Alexander，”2,in Plutarch,Plutarch’s LivesⅦ，trans.Bernadotte Perrin,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1996,p.225.
(1)See Polybius，“The Histories”,10.49,in Polybius,The HistoriesⅣ，trans.W.R.Paton,Loeb Classical Library,Cam‐bridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1979,pp.223-225.
(2)See Polybius，“The Histories，”11.39,p.303.
(3)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,February 11,2020,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3207/61916.jpg,July 15,2025.
(4)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,August 14,2020,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3207/dmtrs_ae1.jpg,July 15,2025.
(1)See Justin,Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus,41.4.6-9,p.256.
(2)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,April 2,2022,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3212/48614.jpg,July 15,2025.
(3)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,December 4,2018,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3208/45516.jpg,July 15,2025.
(4)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,December 15,2024,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3213/zeno_348135.jpg,July 15,2025.
(5)See Justin,Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus,41.6.5,p.257.
(6)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,April 9,2025,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3213/zeno_355212.JPG,July 15,2025.
(7)图片来自Oriental Coins Database,October 11,2023,https：//www.zeno.ru/data/3211/zeno_321082.jpg,July 15,2025.
(8) See December 4,2018,https：//www.zeno.ru/showphoto.php?photo=214084&cat=3208&ppuser=&sortby=d&way=desc,July 15,2025.
(9)黄超：《18-19世纪中国镍白铜及其向欧洲传播的研究》，博士学位论文，北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院，2015年，“引言”，第1页。
(1)关于阿依·哈努姆建城原因，See Claude Rapin，“Greeks in Afghanistan:Ai Khanoum，”in Jean-Paul Descoeudres,ed.,Greek Colonists and Native Populations,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1990,p.331;Frank Lee Holt,Alexander the Great and Bactria:The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia,Leiden:Brill,1989,p.63.
(2) See Paul Bernard，“Quatrième campagne de fouillesàAïKhanoum (Bactriane），”Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,113e année,no.3,(1969),p.338.
(3) See Paul Bernard，“Campagne de fouilles 1969àAïKhanoum en Afghanistan，”Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,114e année,no.2,(1970),p.327.
(4)See Paul Bernard，“Campagne de fouilles 1969àAïKhanoum en Afghanistan，”pp.327-330.
(5)See Joan Aruz and Elisabetta Valtz Fimo,Afghanistan:Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road,New York:Metropoli‐tan Museum of Art,2021,Fig.14,p.49.
(6)See Paul Bernard，“Quatrième campagne de fouillesàAïKhanoum (Bactriane），”p.338.
(1)See Joan Aruz and Elisabetta Valtz Fimo,Afghanistan:Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road,Fig.15,p.50.
(2)See Paul Bernard，“Quatrième campagne de fouillesàAïKhanoum (Bactriane），”p.341；有学者认为这座雕像是运动员或者神祇形象，See Joan Aruz and Elisabetta Valtz Fimo,Afghanistan:Forging Civilizations along the Silk Road,p.50.
(3)吕西波斯为亚历山大御用雕刻家，其作品在古典后期和希腊化时代早期影响巨大。
(4)图片来自Osmund Bopearachchi，“A Faience Head of a Graeco-Bactrian King from Ai Khanum，”in Osmund Bopearach‐chi,Elizabeth J.Altman and Frantz Grenet,Alexander’s Legacy in the East:Studies in Honor of Paul Bernard,Detroit:Bulle‐tin of the Asia Institute,New Series,vol.12 (1998),p.24.
(5)See Osmund Bopearachchi，“A Faience Head of a Graeco-Bactrian King from Ai Khanum，”pp.23-26.
(6)See Strabo，“Geography，”14.1.22,in Strabo,The Geography of StraboⅥ，p.227.
(7)图片来自Fredrik Hiebert and Pierre Cambon,Afghanistan:Hidden Treasures from the National Museum,Kabul,Wash‐ington,D.C.:National Geographic Society,2008,p.115.
(8)图片来自Gunvor Lindström，“Alexander der Große und Baktrien，”Das Altertum,Band 54 (2009),p.249.
(1)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”Bulletin of the Asia Institute,vol.8,(1994),p.52.
(2)See John Boardman,The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1994,p.104.
(3)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.53.
(4)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.48.
(5)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.52.
(6)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.53.
(7)See Gunvor Lindström，“Alexander der Große und Baktrien，”p.249；有学者认为这件马尔绪阿斯铜像应为阿姆河河神铜像，参见[匈]雅诺什·哈尔马塔主编：《中亚文明史》（第二卷），徐文堪、芮传明译，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2002年，第72页。
(8)See John Boardman,The Greeks in Asia,London:Thames and Hudson Ltd.,2015,p.87.
(9)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.59.
(10)See B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”pp.58-59.
(1)图片来自B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.59.
(2)See John Boardman,The Greeks in Asia,p.87.
(3)See Gunvor Lindström，“Alexander der Große und Baktrien，”p.264.
(4)图片来自B.A.Litvinskii and I.R.Pichikian，“The Hellenistic Architecture and Art of the Temple of the Oxus，”p.63.
(5)图片来自Fredrik Hiebert and Pierre Cambon,Afghanistan:Hidden Treasures from the National Museum,Kabul,p.113.
(6)图片来自Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb,The Crossroads of Asia:Transformation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,Cambridge:Ancient India and Iran Trust,1992,p.99.
(7)See Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb,The Crossroads of Asia:Transformation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,p.99.
(1)See Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb,The Crossroads of Asia:Transformation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,p.99.
(2)图片来自Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb,The Crossroads of Asia:Transformation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,Fig.103,p.101.
(3)有学者认为这一场景应为赫拉克勒斯与海德拉战斗场景，See Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb,The Crossroads of Asia:Transformation in Image and Symbol in the Art of Ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan,p.101.
(4)图片来自Ladislav Stančo,Greek Gods in the East:Hellenistic Iconographic Schemes in Central Asia,p.97.
(5)See Ladislav Stančo,Greek Gods in the East:Hellenistic Iconographic Schemes in Central Asia,p.90.
(6)参见刘成：《帕提亚人对希腊神形象的接受与改造》，《世界历史评论》，2024年第3期，第31页。
(7)See Paul Bernard，“Campagne de fouilles 1969àAïKhanoum en Afghanistan，”p.340.
(1)图片来自Fredrik Hiebert and Pierre Cambon,Afghanistan:Hidden Treasures from the National Museum,Kabul,p.119.
(2)图片来自R.D.Barnett，“The Art of Bactria and the Treasure of the Oxus，”Iranica Antiqua,vol.8 (1968),Plate.V.
(3)See John Boardman,The Greeks in Asia,p.103.
(4)图片来自John Boardman,The Greeks in Asia,p.104.
(1)图片来自John Boardman,The Greeks in Asia,p.105.
(2)See Arrian，“Anabasis of Alexander，”7.20,in Arrian,Anabasis of Alexander,Volume II:Books 5-7 and Indica,trans.E.Iliff Robson,Loeb Classical Library,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1933,p.273.
(3)图片来自http：//www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/seleucia/antiochos_II/SC_549.jpg,July 15,2025.
基本信息:
DOI：10.13568/j.cnki.issn1000-2820.2026.01.007
中图分类号:K86;K12
引用信息:
[1]刘成.希腊—巴克特里亚王国的多元文化交融——以希腊神形象为例[J].新疆大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2026,54(01):58-70.DOI:10.13568/j.cnki.issn1000-2820.2026.01.007.
基金信息:
国家社会科学冷门绝学团队“古代西域驿站历史文化资源开发与利用研究”（23VJXT017）; 国家社会科学基金项目“丝绸之路希腊神图像传播研究”（22FSSB014）